Peta Kurikulum Grammar TOEFL (36 Bab)
Disusun secara progresif mulai dari struktur kalimat dasar (Fundamentals), tata bahasa inti (Core), pola tingkat tinggi (Advanced), hingga strategi eliminasi dan simulasi TOEFL ITP (TOEFL Application).
Level 1 — Fundamentals
Pondasi mutlak tata bahasa Inggris: parts of speech, struktur subjek-predikat-objek, frasa & klausa, pola kalimat dasar, dan kesesuaian dasar.
Introduction to Grammar and TOEFL
Pengertian grammar, fungsi dalam TOEFL ITP vs iBT, anatomi Structure & Written Expression, dan strategi mindset pemula.
Parts of Speech
8 kelas kata bahasa Inggris (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection), determiners, dan word formation.
Subject, Predicate, and Object
Pola dasar kalimat S-V, S-V-O, S-V-C, S-V-O-O, S-V-O-C, transitive vs intransitive verbs, dummy subject (it/there), dan subjek terpisah frasa.
Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences
Membedakan frasa dan klausa, independent vs dependent clauses, compound-complex sentences, sentence fragments, dan comma splices.
Basic Sentence Patterns
Urutan kata standar bahasa Inggris, linking verbs vs action verbs, complement, dan analisis struktur kalimat cepat.
Basic Subject–Verb Agreement
Aturan persesuaian subjek tunggal/jamak, be/do/have, compound subjects, indefinite pronouns, dan pola There is/are.
Level 2 — Core Grammar
Inti grammar yang paling sering keluar: nouns, pronouns, tenses, modals, passive voice, adjectives, prepositions, gerunds, participles, dan clauses.
Nouns and Noun Forms
Countable vs uncountable, irregular plurals, possessive nouns, compound nouns, nominalization, quantifiers, a number of vs the number of.
Pronouns
Subject/object pronouns, possessive adjectives vs pronouns, reflexives, demonstratives, pronoun-antecedent agreement, one/another/others.
Verbs and Verb Forms
Base form, -s, past, past participle, regular vs irregular, finite vs non-finite verbs, linking/transitive/intransitive, stative vs dynamic.
Tenses
12 tenses bahasa Inggris, time expressions, sequence of tenses, simple past vs present perfect, dan klausa waktu/kondisi.
Auxiliary and Modal Verbs
Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would), modal + base verb, modal perfect (could have, should have), modal passive.
Active and Passive Voice
Konstruksi pasif dalam berbagai tenses, passive dengan modal, passive infinitive & gerund, by-agent, dan reporting passive.
Questions, Negation, and Imperatives
Yes/no & Wh-questions, subject vs object questions, indirect questions, neither/nor/either/too/so, negative word order, imperatives.
Adjectives and Adverbs
Posisi attributive vs predicative, urutan adjective (OSASCOMP), adverbs of manner/degree/time, linking verbs, very/too/enough/so/such.
Prepositions
Preposition of time/place/movement, adjective/verb/noun + preposition, despite vs because of, object of preposition traps.
Conjunctions and Transitions
Coordinating (FANBOYS), subordinating, correlative, conjunctive adverbs (however, therefore), because vs because of, punctuation.
Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerund vs infinitive sebagai subjek/objek, verb + gerund vs infinitive, perubahan makna pada stop/remember/try, preposition + gerund.
Participles
Present participle (V-ing) aktif vs Past participle (V3) pasif, participial adjectives, participial phrases, dangling participles.
Relative Clauses
Defining vs non-defining clauses, who/whom/whose/which/that, preposition + relative pronoun, omission, reduced relative clauses.
Noun Clauses
Noun clause sebagai subjek/objek/komplemen, that-clauses, whether/if, wh-clauses, embedded questions, subjunctive dalam noun clause.
Adverb Clauses
Klausa keterangan waktu, sebab, kontras, syarat, tujuan, hasil, perbandingan, as if/as though, reduced adverb clauses.
Level 3 — Advanced Grammar
Struktur tingkat lanjut penentu skor 550+: inversi, parallel structure, perbandingan ganda, conditionals, subjunctive, reduced clauses, dan appositives.
Advanced Subject–Verb Agreement
Frasa sisipan panjang, each of, collective nouns, inverted agreement, a number of vs the number of, measurements & distances.
Inversion
Negative adverbials (never, rarely, seldom, hardly), no sooner...than, only after/when, conditional inversion tanpa if, place inversion.
Parallel Structure
Kesejajaran kata/frasa/klausa, both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, rather than, parallelism dalam perbandingan.
Comparisons
Positive, comparative, superlative, as...as, comparative + than, the more...the more, irregular comparisons, like vs alike, same as.
Conditional Sentences
Zero, 1st, 2nd, 3rd conditional, mixed conditionals, unless, provided that, wish & if only, inverted conditionals (should, were, had).
Subjunctive
Mandative subjunctive (suggest, recommend, insist, demand), adjective + that-clause (essential, important), base verb, were-subjunctive.
Ellipsis and Reduced Clauses
Penghilangan kata (ellipsis), auxiliary omission, so do I / neither do I, do so, reduced adjective & adverb clauses, relative pronoun omission.
Appositives and Modifier Placement
Appositives di tengah/awal, essential vs nonessential modifiers, misplaced modifiers, dangling modifiers, squinting modifiers.
Emphasis and Cleft Sentences
It-cleft sentences, Wh-cleft / pseudo-cleft, emphatic do/does/did, fronting, inversion untuk penekanan, so/such untuk emphasis.
Level 4 — TOEFL Application
Taktik praktis ujian: sentence completion, deteksi error 16–40, eliminasi jebakan ETS, manajemen waktu 37.5 detik, dan simulasi terintegrasi.
Sentence Completion
Strategi menjawab Structure Soal 1–15: menentukan subjek & predikat, klausa rumpang, verb forms, modifiers, dan eliminasi cepat.
Error Recognition
Identifikasi cepat 9 jenis error: subject-verb agreement, verb forms, pronouns, adjectives vs adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, parallelism.
Error Identification
Teknik menganalisis 4 kata bergaris bawah (A, B, C, D) di soal 16–40: konsistensi pola, kelengkapan klausa, dan koreksi kata salah.
Common TOEFL Grammar Traps
11 jebakan maut ETS: subjek panjang pengabur verb, object of preposition disangka subjek, dobel verb tanpa connector, kata sulit sebagai distraktor.
Elimination Techniques and Time Management
Membaca struktur sebelum menerjemahkan, protokol eliminasi 30 detik, alokasi waktu 37.5s/soal, dan personal error log strategy.
Integrated Practice and TOEFL Simulation
Simulasi penuh terintegrasi Structure & Written Expression: 40 butir soal berwaktu 25 menit, evaluasi skor, analisis kelemahan, remedial.