Reference Companion
12 Lampiran Referensi Grammar TOEFL Lengkap
Kompilasi rumus, tabel kata kerja, pola struktur kalimat, dan glosarium istilah untuk menunjang kecepatan menjawab soal Structure and Written Expression.
1. Daftar Irregular Verbs Paling Sering Muncul di TOEFL
Dalam TOEFL Written Expression, salah satu jebakan paling umum adalah mencampuradukkan Past Form (V2) dan Past Participle (V3) setelah auxiliary (have/has/had). Perhatikan bentuk-bentuk berikut:
| Base Form (V1) | Past Simple (V2) | Past Participle (V3) | Arti / Makna | Peringatan Jebakan TOEFL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| arise | arose | arisen | timbul, muncul | Sering tertukar dengan arouse/aroused |
| become | became | become | menjadi | V3 kembali ke "become", bukan "became" |
| begin | began | begun | memulai | Had began (SALAH) → Had begun (BENAR) |
| break | broke | broken | merusak, patah | Broken glass (participle adjective) |
| choose | chose | chosen | memilih | Was chose (SALAH) → Was chosen (BENAR) |
| do | did | done | mengerjakan | Having did (SALAH) → Having done (BENAR) |
| draw | drew | drawn | menggambar/menarik | Has drew (SALAH) → Has drawn (BENAR) |
| drive | drove | driven | mengendarai/mendorong | Driven by curiosity (reduced participle) |
| fall | fell | fallen | jatuh | Intransitif. Jangan tertukar dengan fell-felled (menebang) |
| find | found | found | menemukan | Beda dengan found-founded-founded (mendirikan) |
| fly | flew | flown | terbang | Has flew (SALAH) → Has flown (BENAR) |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden | melarang | Pola: forbid + object + to infinitive |
| freeze | froze | frozen | membeku | Frozen temperature / frozen water |
| grow | grew | grown | tumbuh/menanam | Have grew (SALAH) → Have grown (BENAR) |
| know | knew | known | mengetahui | Known as (bukan knew as) |
| lay | laid | laid | meletakkan (transitif) | Membutuhkan object: lay something |
| lie | lay | lain | berbaring (intransitif) | Tidak butuh object: lie on the bed |
| rise | rose | risen | naik/terbit (intransitif) | Tidak butuh object: The sun rises |
| raise | raised | raised | menaikkan (transitif) | Membutuhkan object: raise taxes |
| see | saw | seen | melihat | Was saw (SALAH) → Was seen (BENAR) |
| take | took | taken | mengambil | Has took (SALAH) → Has taken (BENAR) |
| write | wrote | written | menulis | Written report (bukan wrote report) |