Reference Companion
12 Lampiran Referensi Grammar TOEFL Lengkap
Kompilasi rumus, tabel kata kerja, pola struktur kalimat, dan glosarium istilah untuk menunjang kecepatan menjawab soal Structure and Written Expression.
4. Matriks 12 Tenses & Formula TOEFL
Tabel perbandingan 12 tenses dalam bentuk aktif dan pasif beserta penanda waktu (time signals) yang sering dijadikan acuan dalam soal Structure:
| Tense | Bentuk Aktif (Active) | Bentuk Pasif (Passive) | Signal Words / Time Clues |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | S + V1(-s/-es) |
S + is/am/are + V3 |
always, usually, every year, generally, facts |
| Present Continuous | S + is/am/are + V-ing |
S + is/am/are + being + V3 |
now, at present, currently, right now |
| Present Perfect | S + have/has + V3 |
S + have/has + been + V3 |
since 1990, for ten years, already, recently |
| Present Perf. Cont. | S + have/has + been + V-ing |
- | all morning, for hours continuously |
| Simple Past | S + V2 |
S + was/were + V3 |
yesterday, in 1945, last century, ago |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing |
S + was/were + being + V3 |
while, when, at 8 PM yesterday |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 |
S + had + been + V3 |
before, by the time (terjadi SEBELUM aksi past lain) |
| Past Perf. Cont. | S + had + been + V-ing |
- | had been working before the power failed |
| Simple Future | S + will + V1 |
S + will + be + V3 |
tomorrow, next decade, in the future |
| Future Continuous | S + will + be + V-ing |
- | at this time tomorrow |
| Future Perfect | S + will + have + V3 |
S + will + have + been + V3 |
by next year, by 2030 (akan sudah selesai) |
| Future Perf. Cont. | S + will + have + been + V-ing |
- | by next month, will have been studying for 2 yrs |